RANGKUMAN BAHASA INGGRIS NIAGA MODUL 2 DAN 3

BAHASA

INGGRIS NIAGA

ADBI 4201 / 2 SKS

SUTONO                               NIM :  011080631

KASIATI                                NIM :  004932845

HERLIN MOGUNCU          NIM :  015637246

SUTIYAH                              NIM :  015831429

FAHMI REZA MARHAM     NIM :  016076864

TINAWATI ARIFIN             NIM :  011552568

EUIS SUGIARTINI              NIM :  012522281

MODUL 2                                                                               NAMA      :  SUTONO

LEARNING ACTIVITY  2                                                         NIM          :  011080631

“ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH  D “

  

D.   DEMAND

1. Demand curve measures the relationship between the price of an item and amount requested. If the price of goods rises, so few people are willing and able to afford it, in other words, the demand declined .. A shift in the demand curve occurs when the amount requested will be different from what it was before the price is chosen, for example, if there is no change in market prices, but rising demand or falling. The slope of the demand curve shows the elasticity of demand. To view the approach to demand modeling revealed preference. 
2. Keynesian attempt to manage demand through fiscal policy; monetarist would rather use the money in circulation. Both approaches have been very successful in practice, especially when trying to manage short-term demand through fine tuning. 

E.    DEMAND CURVE

Demand curve is a graph showing the relationship between the price of an item and the number of requests for it at different prices. 

F.    DEMOGRAPHICS

This is characteristic of human populations and population segments, especially when used to identify consumer markets.

Thomas Malthus predicted that population growth will lead to mass starvation, forecasts based on demographic trends has come to be taken with a pinch of salt.

MODUL 2                                                                               NAMA       :  KASIATI

LEARNING ACTIVITY  2                                                         NIM           :  004932845

“ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH  D “

 G.   DEPOSIT INSURANCE ( ASURANSI TABUNGAN / DEPOSITO )

Deposit insurance is the means used to protect the deposit either in full or in part on the run between banks. Deposit insurance is required by most countries. The funds are usually provided by insurance if the bank statement. And will guarantee customer deposits up to a certain amount in order to prevent panic and to reduce the risk

The downside of deposit insurance is that they create a moral hazard (moral hazard) by the isolation of depositors

State alternative to bank safety net there are two kinds of insurance safest government "small bank" that closely on the traditional business. Berinfestasi only of assets that are safe and are not insured.

Big banks are under a wider range of regulation is much more lightweight system, to keep invested in larger banks will probably benefit more because they can invest in the risky asset. But they will also be a great loss if bankruptcy is concerned.

If banks get into trouble and they do not have a safety net, investors will buy the debt subordinate to the results quite close to the level of risk, interest free, if they believe that the bank is low risk (small risk).

To sell debt, banks have to persuade investors, otherwise they can not operate, utilizes factors that bankers know more about perbankkan compared with their supervisor.

  

H.   DEPRECIATION ( PENURUNAN NILAI )

Is a decrease in asset value or the opposite of a currency appreciation.

  

I.      DEPRESSION  (DEPRESI)

Economic conditions that are characterized by falling prices, reduced purchasing power, excess supply exceeds demand, increasing unemployment, mengumpumpulkan inventories, deflation, the movement of plants, public fear and a general decline in business activity.

An attempt to stimulate petumbuhan, a new agreement is an example of the most distant from the active fiscal policy is visible and greatly expand the role of the State in the American economy. But the depression ended in time to enter world war two

Why did the great depression happen? In October 1929, stock prices initially began raising interest rates, in the spring of 1929 industrial markets lost half of its value separation, between October 24 and mid-November, came on a recession that has already begun. The accident was set up to serve the movement, but not for over a decade slump that followed.

Why continue to decrease bad getting worse, year after year not only in the United States but also around the world? In 1929 most of the world is the gold standard. Seharuskan mambantu stabilize the American economy. Most of the demand in the United States slowed down its imports, reduce the balance of payments and move further into surplus and gold to flow into the country and expand the money supply and boost the economy.

Tax was raised in the years 1932 to help balance the budget and restore confidence, brought a new agreement and the deposit insurance increase government spending, but also accumulate tax business and strive to prevent excessive competition. Price controls were taken along with anti-bisnis.Semua stopped and indeed may have contributed to the economy fell into recession again in 1737/38 after a brief recovery from 1935.

MODUL 2                                                                   NAMA       :  HERLIN.MOGUNCU

LEARNING ACTIVITY  2                                             NIM           :  015637246

 “ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH   D “

J.    DEREGULATION

Deregulation is the reduction or elimination of government power in the industry. Normally in use to create more competition in the industry.

For example: market monopoly

  

K.    DERIVATIVES

     Derivatives in the financial sector is a security whose price is dependent on or derived from one

     or more underlying assets.

     For example:

           1. Economic derivatives: the payment is based on economic data as the statistics bureau

               issued by a State

           2. Derivative of energy: the payment is based on a variety of energy price index.

  

L.    DEVALUATIE

     Devaluation is a reduction in the exchange rate a country's monetary unit in terms such as gold,

     silver, or foreign currency.

     Example :  currency devaluation

M.   State - Developing countries are the countries in transition from an agrarian economy to a technology-based manufacturing economy

MODUL  2                                                                              NAMA        :  SUTIYAH

LEARNING ACTIVITY  2                                                         NIM            :  015831429

“ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH  D “     

J.    DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspect of the development process in low income countries. The proposition on which development economics was built was that poor countries were intrinsically different from rich ones and so needed their own of economics models. Development economists believed that the state had to play a big role in foresting modernization.

  

K.    DIMINISHING RETURNS

It is a yield rate that after a certain point fails to increase proportionately to additional outlays of capital or investments of time and labor and whereby there is supposedly convergence between the rates of growth of developing countries and developed ones.

  

L.    DIRECT TAXATION

It is taxes levied on the income or wealth of an individual or company. Contrast with indirect taxation.

  

M.   DISCOUNT RATE

It is the rate of interest charged by a central bank when lending to other financial institutions. It also refers to a rate of interest used when calculating discounted cash flow.

  

N.   DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW

It is a valuation method used to estimate the attractiveness of an investment opportunity.Firms use discounted cash flow to judge whether an invesment project is whorthwhile. The interest rate is a means of reflecting the opportunity cost of typing up money in the investment project.

  

O.   DISEQUILIBRIUM

It is when supply and demand in a market are not in balance. Contrast with equilibrium. 

P.    DISINFLATION

Disinflation is a fall in the rate of inflation. This means a slower increase in prices but not a fall in prices, which is known as deflation.

MODUL 2                                                                   NAMA    :  FAHMI REZA MARHAM

LEARNING ACTIVITY  2                                             NIM        :  016076864

“ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH  D “

  

J.    DISINTERMEDIATION

Disintermediation is the removal and distributor / or retailer (the middleman) when making a purchase. Disintermediation has become a buzz word in financial services in particular, due to competitive and technological changes that have been done away with the need for intermediaries established. The new economic theory argues that many retailers will disinterred mediated as internet enabled customers to transact directly with the manufacturers without the need to visit the store. But this has happened more slowly than they predicted.

K.    DISVERIFIKASI

Diversification is the process of entering new business markets with new products.
Investors are encouraged to do this with modern portfolio theory, such as having different stocks and other assets to help reduce the risk. at the sharp end of business, however, diversification is somewhat out of fashion.

  

L.    DIVIDEND

It is the part of a company's profit distributed to shareholders. Unlike interest on debt, the payment of a dividend is not

  

A.    DIVITION OF LABOUR

Separation of the various categories of workers have needed to produce a product into several different tasks performed by different workers.
Person is better than trying to specialize a jack of all trades and end up no expert.
The logic of dividing the work into a different craft and profession are the same as that underlying the case for free trade: everyone benefits from doing things where they have comparative advantage and use the revenue from doing so to meet their other needs.

  

B.    DOLLARISATION

This is the replacement of a country with the U.S. dollar. And a government policy to download dollarisation money. The appeal of dollarisation is that the dollar is more stable than the local currency does not believe, which may have a history of sudden fall in value. By eliminating all the possible risk of devaluation against the dollar, the cost of local companies and government borrowing in international markets is reduced, because of currency risk is removed. Major drawback is that the state hands over control of monetary policy for the federal reserve, and the appropriate interest rate for the United States may not be suitable for dollarised country if that country and the united states is not an optimal currency area

  

C.   DOMINANT COMPANY
It is a company with the ability to set prices in the market.
 

D.   DUMPING

Dumping is selling something that is less than the cost of production.
This can be used by the dominant firm to attack rivals, a strategy known as predatory pricing antitrust authorities. This amount is often a thin disguised protectionism against foreign companies more efficient. And avoid the domination of world markets. In any case, consumers will benefit from lower prices; so the company can buy them cheaper supplies overseas.

MODUL 3                                                                   NAMA       :  TINAWATI ARIFIN

LEARNING ACTIVITY  1                                             NIM           :  011552568

“ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH  E “

  

A.    ECONOMETRICS

Mathematics and sophisticated computing applied to economics. Econometricians crunch data in search of economic relationships that have statistical signifinance.

B.    ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION

      1.    In January 1999, 11 of the 15 countries in the European union merger ther national currencies 

           into a single European currencuy, the euro. This decision was motivated partly by politics and 

           partly by hoped for economic benefits from the creation of a single integrated European 

           economy.

      2.    European businesses and individualis stood to save from handling one currency rather than

           many. Comparing prices and wages across the euro zone became easier, increasing 

           competition by making it easier for companies to sell throughout the euro-zone and for 

           cunsumers to shop around.

      3.   Forming the single currency also involved big risks., however Euro members gave up both 

           the right to set their own interest rates and the option of moving exchange rates against each 

           other. They also agreed to limit their budget deficits under a stability and growth pact.

      4.  When euro economies are not growing in unison, a common monetary policy risk being too 

          loose for some and too tight for others. If so, there may neeed to be large transfers of funds 

          from regions doing well to those doing badly.

  

C.   ECONOMIC INDICATOR

A statistic used for judging the health of an economy, such as GDP per head, the rate of unemployment or the rate of inflation

  

D.   ECONOMIC MAN

At the heart of economic theory is homo economicus, the economist’s model of human behavior in traditional classical economics and in neo classical economics it was assumed that people acted in their own self interest.

  

E.    ECONOMIC SANCTIONS

    1.    A way of punishing errant countries, include limiting export or import trade with the target ; 

        constraining investment in the target; and preventing transfers of money involving citizens or 

        the government of the target.

   2.   Sanction can be multilateral, with many countries acting together, perhaps under the auspices 

        of the United Nations or unilateral,when the country takes action on its own.

   3.    According to one study between 1914 and 1990 there were 116 occasions on which various 

        contries imposed economic sanctions. Two-third of these failed to achieve ther stated goals.

   4.    The fact that the sanctions were imposed multilaterally by the international community, so there 

        were comparatively few breaches of the restrictions.

MODUL 3                                                                   NAMA       :  EUIS SUGIARTINI

LEARNING ACTIVITY  1                                             NIM           :  081380600328

“ ECONOMIC TERMS STARTED WITH  E “

  

A.    ECONOMICS

The “dismal science”, according to Thomas Carlyle, a 19th-century Scottish writer. It has been described in many ways, few of them flattering. The most concise , non-abusive, definition is the study of how society uses its scare resources.

  

B.    ECONOMIES OF SCALE

Bigger is better. In many industries, as output increases, the average cost of each unit produced falls. One reason is that overheads and other fixed costs can be spread over more units of output. However getting bigger can also increase average costs (diseconomies of scale) because it is more difficult to manage a big operation, for instance.

  

C.   EFFECIENCY

Getting the most out of the resources used. For a particular short of efficiency often favoured by economists, see part to efficient.

  

I.      EFFECIENCY WAGES

Wages that are set at above the market clearing rate so as to encourage workers to increase their productivity.

  

J.    EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS

The efficient market hypothesis says that price of financial asset reflects all the information available and responds only to unexpected news. Thus prices can be regarded as optimal estimates of true investment value at all times.

The hypothesis had few critics among financial economists during the 1960s and 1970s, but it has come under increasing attack since then. The fact that financial price were far more volatile than appeared to be justified by new information, and that financial bubbles sometimes formed, led economists to question the theory.

  

K.    ELASTICITY

A measure of the responsiveness of one valiable to changes in another economists have indentified four main types.

1. Price elasticity measures how much the quantity of supply of a good, or demand for it, changes if its price changes.
2. Income elasticity of demand measures how the quantity demanded changes when income increases.
3. Cross-elasticity shows how the demand for one good change when the price of another good change.
4. Elasticity of substitution describes how easily one input in the production process, such as labor, can be substituted for another, such as machinery.